Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Example for Free

sustainable Socio-Technological System EssayEvery thread of the problems faced by the present human society can be traced back to counterbalance industrial revolution of late 18th century and early 19th century that took place in Britain and from where it was embraced by the wide-cut world. The industrial revolution coiffure in motion the process of changes that have since then subsequently trans random variableed the character of not only human society but of entire worldly concern. Air, water, stray down and sky, each(prenominal) bear the effects of the changes inflicted by human march through industrial revolution and the effects have not been pleasant by severally order. One of the consistent features of the industrial and post industrial revolution has been unprecedented rate of custom of dynamism resources, which is the principle reason behind depletion, and instability of earths ecological and environsal carcass (Pirages, 1996). In the endeavor to exploit the full range and scope of advancing applied science world required titanic skill supplies, which it was unable to obtain from traditional wood kindle or steam power.A quest was soon topherway to find that magical faculty source that could fuel worlds skipion in the new age of speed and power. And soon this magical source was discovered in the form of fogy fuels- crude rock oil and coal with which human world completely shifted in the modern age. The age of automobiles, airplanes, rockets, and computers almost rushed in simultaneously and since then proceed to evolve and modify endlessly on the same essential design that is solely based on using the energy of fossil fuels at an increasingly higher rate.20th century did not merely saw extravagant increase in the consumption of energy resources but in any case a big population explosion where population of world tripled from 2 billion in 1930 to 6.5 billion by 2005, thereby devising it impossible to reduce the consumption r ange (Tyler, 1997). With demands continuously pressing ahead, worlds energy in manoeuvre also almost doubled from 1973 to 2002.This giant rate and quantity of energy consumption has put world across two crises that have s potential to challenge the very existence of humanity and accompanying life forms, if its not resolved immediately. In the blind rush of growth that world has followed, it became over occupied with the immediate enjoying of wonders of fossil fuel without ever considering the consequences of its maniac pace of growth. The consequences of exploitation, on their neighborhood, did not take much time to manifest and air-defilement, water pollution and marine pollution, marchess hitherto unheard of, were entering popular terminology.Fossil fuels be essentially hydrocarbon compounds and although they are extremely rich in energy content, their extraction from deep oil soundlys, refereeinement and economic consumption occupy release of harmful and poisonous gases a t each step of process, that dangerously increased contents of carbon di-oxide, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides and chlorine compound in environment, changing the chemical composition of earthly concern, air and water. by and by the discovery of ozone hole in 1985, humanity encountered the first major threat to its own existence in so far innocuous journey in the modern high-energy, high-speed age. In subsequent years more catastrophic phenomena, much(prenominal) as global warming and melting of polar ice caps once and for all showed the inherent flaws and dangers associated with mans present course.Of all the actors of the modern world that have caused upshot in consumption of fossil fuels and hence contributed towards the crisis of environmental pollution and global warming, out-migration sector takes the role of the progenitor and spearhead. The role of channelation has been preeminent in humanitys march through economic schooling of 20th century. The great mobility offered by containation sector in personal and freight movements relieve oneselfd the foundation of entire industrial infrastructure.However, in the process it also emerged as the biggest consumer of fossil fuel, accounting for more than 70 % of the fuel consumption all over the world. Also it is one of the biggest polluter and driving cause of pollution. The exhaust fume from millions of fomites add toxic gases to atmosphere resulting in poisonous smog. While these gases and fumes add to atmospheric pollution and contributes in global warming their direct usurpation on human health results in diseases like asthma, migraine and cancer along with sharp rise in cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.Apart from all these, impartation sector results in thousands of purely avoidable deaths each year due to road separatrixs. The largest share in transportation sector belongs to personal and soul motorized vehicles, which are currently numbered at over 600 million and are expecte d to grow to 2 billion by year 2050 (Heywood, 2006). In the emplacement of already depleting oil resources, the size of motorized industry in 2050 would be unsupportable by even existing fossil reserves and certainly unreasonable in 2050.These figures and analysis put the sustainability prospects of current transportation model in question. Every study conducted shows that if transformative changes are not introduced at institutional and indemnity take, the entire transportation sector may come to a standstill in few years, turning the wheels of learning backward. Sustainable transportation is also a merry issue from current environmental and economic perspectives because researches have proved that increase in motorized transportation has negative economic implications eventually. Thus finding a sustainable transportation model that represents and safeguards interest of both society and industry is essential if world aims to achieve balanced prospects of growth and developmen t (Bur substantially and Litman, 2006).Part IISustainable TransportationTransportation plays two important roles in the economy. First it is a complete industry in itself, with various component industries as its part to create the whole structure and second it is the backbone of various other industries and economic activities (OECD, 1998). Transportation affects prospects of sustainable development at many places.The extraction of fossil oils and their consumption in internal combustion engine causes pollution, smog, acid rains and lead to increased concentration of carbon-dioxide in atmosphere transportation wagework and road whirl cause additional damage to natural environment and contribute in climatic change the waste generated through transportation, fuel waste as well as industrial waste add toxic and harmful waste to environment (OECD, 1998). Therefore transportation has become the prime focus area in the quest of sustainable development.The sustainable model of transport ation attempts to integrate the entire scope of transportation with real needs of human movement and renewed energy sources that does not pose dangers of depletion, or add to environmental pollution (Pirages, 1996).Sustainable transportation strategies include the vital dimensions of operations heed, pricing policies, use of clean fuels, returns in vehicle operation technologies, and integration in land use and planning in transportation infrastructure (Deakin, 2003). The implementation of these strategies requires combined operations at national and regional levels and need to channel efforts at government, business, scientific and community levels (ibid).Guidelines and principles for Sustainable TransportationIn devising the guidelines for transportation to make it sustainable and environment friendly, the following issues emerge as areas of prime concern (Guiding Principles, 1996)Access Transportation is the principle form through which people can price of admission places and goods, contributing conspicuously in social and economic development. The integrated strategic direction involve a) demand management- Optimizing transportation needs and requirements of society. It includes curtailing unnecessary transportation requirements through use of come apart communication technology and packaging technologies and redesigning urban landscape. b) diversifying options it includes providing people with greater number of options through which they can meet their transportation needs.Equity It defines the need for government and communities to land transportation policies that ensures social, regional and government equity by striving to attend to transportation needs of all the sections of society.Health and Safety The sustainable design of transportation system shall include measures that make it conducive for physical and mental health of people and social and community well creation.Responsibility at individual level The safety of climate, natural enviro nment and resources concern every one and hence its a collective as well as individual accountability of people to safeguard themPolicy intervention for sustainable developmentIt is widely recognized at policy level that modifying the present transportation framework on sustainable paradigms would be more convenient and live saving, rather than completely replacing it with a new framework that might be unable to exercise at satisfactory levels. The various policy options to make the existing model of transportation sustainable are broadly categorized as a) regime optimization and b) regime-shifts (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002).The distinctions assigning the different technologies in either of the two categories are somewhat vague and they are constantly being worked and assessed. The vital trend to emerge so far out is that there are potential technologies and innovations that can be used for both regime optimization and regime shift. The current transport regime consi dered exclusively for policy and technological intervention is land transportation system, with its huge impact on environment, society and economy.Various policies and strategies for sustainable transportation, as categorized by Deckins (2003), are,Vehicle and Fuel Technological Changes The only practical solution to the problem of growing fuel scarcity and harmful level of pollutants ejected technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on oil colour oil by providing utility(a) and sustainable sources of energy.It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U.S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and incarnate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis.Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to screen their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies.Passenger vehicles, world transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology. several(prenominal) of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) Hybrid Vehicles, voltaic vehicles, use of ethanol as fuel, fuel electric cell vehicles, use of hydrogen as fuel and vehicles operated by solar power.Road vehicl e operations improvement The management of road vehicle transportation has monumental bearing on sustainable transportation. It consists of areas such as-a) occupation flow improvements that involve measures of improving traffic signal timings, ramp metering, flow metering and removal of bottlenecks to improve the efficiency.The net benefit is reduction of time, better fuel efficiency and smooth transportation b) Transport system improvement with thrust on constructing smart highways, smart vehicles, accident management and scheduling arrangements c)educating drivers on appropriate fuel conserving techniques as well as traffic guidelines to help them utilize the system better d) Improving management techniques in logistics and fleet management.Demand management To optimize the transportation system according to exact requirements of people, so as to minimize the waste and maximize benefits, it suggests measures as such a) modal substitution where voyages are redesigned and impro vements are made for walking and biking purposes that provide incentives to people for using alternate mediums of transportationb) substituting trucks by trail that is environmentally cost effective and involves less consumption of fuel and emission of harmful gases while improving efficiency c) telecommunication improvements or transport telematics that involve technological systems that are either follow either driver oriented approach or centralized management oriented approach by introducing traffic automation that are vital from safety and efficiency point of view (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The major tools of this measure include telecommuting, tele-shopping, teleconferencing, distance learning and use of information technology in transportation and traffic management.Vehicle Technologies1.Hybrid Vehicle As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric vehicle with an electric motor that dr ives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a accelerator-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries.Bio-diesels Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycle of excess alcohol and purification of esters to prod uce a fuel that bears remarkable crockedness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results.Hydrogen There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers. Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87).Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of water and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle. On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity,Use of everyday transportation and mass transit system Mass Transport SystemApart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, some other area where fuel consumption can be easily reduced is creating a more robust and functional sedanlic transport and mass transit system.It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. While airplanes are already a popular and heavily used long distance intercity mass transit system, there are many available areas of intervention in short distance intercity and intra-city transport to provide fast and reliable transit facilities while simultaneously reducing traffic, freeing up space on roads and parking and moderating fossil oil consumption.The transportation system , exc luding freight transport, is presently carve up in two broad categories a. privately owned individual all purpose vehicle transport system and b. public transport system consisting of buses, trains, trams, and metros under the control and maintenance of public administration and public transport companies ((Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 36-37). Public transport system is usually characterized by low cost, fuel-efficient transit system able of carrying large number of people on a fixed route (ibid). It has been felt over time that a sustainable and efficient fuel policy needs to contain advanced public transport system as one of its key focus area.Additionally the light rail and bus service can be expanded to cover specifically high traffic and downtown areas of major cities. An integration of public transport and private vehicle system can be achieved by providing sufficient parking space at stations and depots of public transport system. It would encourage people to use their private vehicles to access public transport system, resolving one of major issues of limited accessibility involved with mass transit system.Inventing new strategies for sustainable transport developmentSustainable development, by its definition, is development that has capacity to meaningfully continue itself without negatively affecting any chance of its failure or degeneration. Therefore sustainable transportation, according to this parameter, requires to incorporate measures and policies that help to grow along with changing dynamics of transport network and fuel technologies. These strategies include (Deckins, 2003)Land use and community development It includes such activities as preservation, rehabilitation, redevelopment and redesigning of cities and suburbs with high population density. It also include additional measures such as infill in cities and suburbs, reusing of brown-fields, recycling buildings, and improving the quality of life through close location of work place and residence.Consumer response to sustainable strategies The major issue is to integrate consumers interests in sustainable strategies and technologies. Consumers should view these measures as crucial for creating a long term sustainable transportation plan that is adaptable for new vehicle and fuel technologies, technological up gradation and increased use of automation system, information technology and communication networks.Another major strategic intervention is about urban planning and transportation planning. It deals with concentration of urban growth, limiting urban sprawls and providing strategies for mixed land use that make intelligent urban structure and land use policies. It would help to mitigate transportation requirements by moving destination and source closer. It also recommends prioritising pollution prevention strategies and encouraging pedestrian and cycling movements as alternative to motorized mode of transportation (Guiding principles, 1996).Working t owards a sustainable future tense transportDesigning a transport system that successfully meets the present challenges of eliminating pollution, utilizing landscape space, carrying people safely and timely over their destination and most importantly which runs on such fuel technology is sustainable, without risks of running into shortage or worse, total depletion. Keeping in view of the every rising challenge of maintaining an increasingly large fleet of vehicles on the road in the coming years, the sustainable transportation should be able to accommodate both the present and future range of issues. The future sustainable strategy has following important policy and socio-technological dimensions (Schaller, 2007)Creating economic disincentives to drive Presently the socio-economic system is oriented towards personalized driving. People prefer to ply to their several(prenominal) destinations through personal mode of transport because it is time consuming, convenient and cost effect ive. However, in this process they do not pay for the environmental damage of pollution, cost of traffic congestion, charges of using roads, bridges and tunnels and appropriate parking charges. Further, even people are compelled to use personalized motor vehicles due to absence of a ancillary framework of alternative medium of transportation.These problems can be tackled economically by raising the cost of driving personal vehicles while simultaneously improving the alternative transportation. The measures taken shall incorporate the total cost of owning and driving personal vehicles, in terms of the damage they inflict on the environment, quality of city life, congestion and accident risks involved. As discussed earlier, strengthening the public transport system and making it more affordable and cost effective would be greatly beneficial in creating disincentive for individual transportation.Redesigning cities and implementing thorough changesRedesigning cities and modelling them to make them conducive for future transportation needs is one of the most important policy and socio technological measures. The structure of major urban centres has already seen fundamental changes in their design and orientation with advent of mass transport structures of railways and metro and mono rails (Barret, 1996, 1971).It is well exemplified by cities of in the altogether York, London and Tokyo. With advent of motorized vehicles the cities started to grow and differences between workplace and residential places expanded due to speed and ease provided by these vehicles. Cities that are more bloodsucking on non personal modes of transportation, or mass transportation are traditionally denser than cities whose entire urban structure is based on individual ownership and use of vehicles (ibid).The sustainable urban models requires cities to implement planning measures that make structure of transport more efficient by attuning both the urban landscape design and transportation system to each other requirements. The land use policies need to take such factors into account as population density and new settlement areas. Citing Kenworthy and Newman (1989), Barret shows as the density of population decreases in the urban areas, the consumption of petroleum goes up (ibid). Thus many cities of low population density in United States of the States have per head consumption of gasoline several notches more than Asian mega cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New Delhi.Therefore sustainable designing of cities would require to create urban forms so that people have greater opportunities to access different destinations in limited time. Most, if not all, destinations, should be within walking distance (Ibid). scale of services and facilities should be with the view to minimize the travel requirements with well structured support provided in every locality. For the final step, the densely populated areas should be well connected with highly efficient public transport system.ReferenceAldrich, Bob.. ABCs of AFVs a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007http//www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25156.pdfBarret, Georoge. 1996.The Compact City A Sustainable Urban Form?. Contributors (edit) Burton, Elizabeth,. Jenks, M., Williams, K. E FN Spon. LondonBurwell, David and Todd Litman. Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Int.J. Global Environmental Issues, Vol.6. No.4. pp.331-347. 2006Deakin E, Sustainable discipline and Sustainable Transportation Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality and Equity, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California at Berkley, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007http//www-iurd.ced.berkeley.edu/pub/WP-2001-03.PDFDefinition, Sustainable development, 2007,Global Development Research Center, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http//www.gdrc.org/sustdev/index.htmlGuiding Principles for Sustainable Development, 1996, OECD Internatio nal Conference, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007http//www.gdrc.org/uem/sustran/sustran-principles.htmlHoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, trick Schot, Bernhard Truffer. Experimenting for Sustainable Transport The Approach of Strategic Niche Management. Spon Press New York 2002. 36Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development , 1998, Towards Sustainable Development Environmental Indicators cheek for Economic Cooperation and Development Paris, 1998http//www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/9/1890501.pdfPirages DC, 1996, Building Sustainable Societies A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Page Number 3Policy Brief, Sustainable development critical issues, 2001, OECD Observe, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007Schaller, Bruce, Sustainable Transportation for 2030, Gotham Gazette, 23rd February, 2007. http//www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20070213/16/2104What is Sustainable Development? 2006, Sustainable-development .gov.uk, Accessed on net on 21st Feb ruary 2007http//www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/index.aspHeywood, John. 2006. Energy For Rapidly Evolving World. MIT world. Feb 5, 2007. http//mitworld.mit.edu/video/350/

Gatorade - Marketing Project Essay Example for Free

Gatorade marketing Project EssayThe Gatorade Company makes the worlds leading sports intoxication. In part, this is due(p) to its ubiquitous marketing strategies that trick be seen nearly everywhere. Gatorade is the official sports drink of the NBA, WNBA, MLB, NHL and MLS. It is as well as the official sports drink of the NFL and has become part of a famous tradition, the Gatorade Dunk where the winning athletes of the Super Bowl empty the Gatorade caller over the coach.Gatorade has also been advertised by some of the greatest athletes in history from Serena Williams, to Peyton Manning, to Olympic gold medalist Usain Bolt, to probably the most famous endorser in NBA great Michael Jordan. Gatorade makes several products including the G series which consists of pre-game, thirst quencher and post-game beverages. There is also the G Series Pro which consists mainly of sports nutrition products. Then thither is G Natural which contains more natural ingredients. The Gatorade Company also makes Propel Fitness Water.The Gatorade Company was not always such a large partnership nor was it created by an existing beverage corporation. It was created as a necessity by the police squad in which its named after The University of Florida Gators. Gatorade was created in 1965 by a team of five scientists led by Dr. Robert Cade. The beverage was created to improve the athletic performance of the universitys football team. When more than a dozen of the players had fallen sick due to dehydration from the intense heat and preparation, the scientists researched dehydration and what the body loses during immense activity.They found out that chicken feeds, salts and minerals were required to hydrate the human body after immense somatogenetic activity wet alone was not enough. They created an electrolyte-carbohydrate drink and supplied it to the athletes. The results were phenomenal. The Gators were able to outperform their rivals, especially in the latter half of the game where exhaustion seemed to cripple their opponents. The Gators went on to win their scratch Champion ship and soon after Gatorade was adopted by other sports teams.Supplying the beverage became more and more difficult for the scientists as demand increased, and after failed attempts to commercialize it, Stokely-Van Camp acquired U. S. rights to the drink and Gatorade Inc. was incorporated in Florida in 1967. After much success, the coach of the Florida Gators suggested the winning formula to the coach of the Kansas urban center Chiefs. The Chiefs were impressed and used throughout the entire season culminating with a Super Bowl victory. Much of the harvesting of the Gatorade Company occurred when it was acquired by acquaintance Oats, which bought Stokely-Van Camp for $220 trillion in 1983.It was under Quaker Oats that Michael Jordan, who was arguably the most famous and fast rising athlete at the time, became the celebrity spokesperson for the company. Sales skyrocketed and Gatorade was once over again the leader as the sports drink market grew to $1 billion by 1994. Also during its ownership by Quaker Oats, the product went global. It was and continues to be sold in numerous countries and several continents successfully. It also expanded its product line to include more flavor varieties. Towards the end of the 1990s the sports drink market grew to $2 billion.With its reproducible success, Gatorade continued to launch recent products including Propel Fitness Water. In 2000, PepsiCo, a multinational corporation focusing on beverages and snacks, acquired Quaker Oats for $13 billion. It bought over Quaker Oats primarily for the Gatorade notice, which is still one of the corporations largest and most successful divisions. Gatorade continued to grow because it renewed its contract with Michael Jordan, campaigned its Is it n you? ad, and also signed a host of new celebrity athletes.Today, Gatorade has over a dozen plants where it manufactures the p roducts it sells and is still the leader in todays $3 billion dollar sports drink market. Target Market Description The original target market for Gatorade was sports teams. In fact, it was originally only sold to sports teams. It spread from the Gators football team to other Gators teams such as basketball. It then spread to other college sports teams until finally it reached professional teams in the NFL. It spread team to team until it became the official sports drink of the NFL in 1983 and was used by over 70 divisions and college teams.Sales trends increased with the aforesaid(prenominal) rapid pace. In the early 1980s Gatorade led the $200 million sports drink market. Net gross revenue were recorded at $90 million in 1982 and grew exponentially in the following years. By the mid 1980s net sales were recorded at $170 million. During the latter half of the 1980s Gatorade marketed its famous Gatorade is Thirst Aid for that deep down body thirst, this along with televised adds, s trategic placing of the product on sidelines during turgid games and a growing sports drink market raised net sales to nearly $900 million by the end of the decade.The demographics of the Gatorade G Series target market * Traditionally active males, aged 18 to 25. They can be students, just starting their careers, or well established. * They grew up idolizing many different sports athletes and teams, which still throw away an influence. * They make a very wide variety of incomes because Gatorade is inexpensive. It could be anywhere from $10,000 to $60,000. * Education could vary also, most have at least high prepare level education and some have college or above experiences. * These types of consumers may also be interested in other sport-related c peoplehing and accessories.They may be interested in terms such as jerseys, hats, shoes or anything that will show off their allegiance to a team, sport or player. * The G Series core target is the 13- to 17-year-old high-school athlet e, while G Series Pros target is the 16- to 24-year-old who is in the business of being athletic, whether as an elite athlete or individual(prenominal) trainer. A more detailed look at the MRI report gives a great glimpse into the target market for the sports drink industry. As highlighted in the index, 18-24 year olds are the core target market.With an index of 174, that means 74% of that age range are more interchangeablely to drink sports drinks. Moving advance up the age range, 18-49 year adults contribute a tremendous opportunity for this market. As highlighted by their percent down (which indicates the percent of those persons out of everyone that consumes a variable), 78. 2% of the total population that drank sports drinks were of that age group. Capturing the teen consumer has been identified as a priority for the brand, with the CMO of Gatorade, Ms. Robb-OHagan, conceding that teens thought the brand was dated.Last years shift to G was meant to grab their attention. Wit h that accomplished, she said, the brand has been working with teens to test and promote the new products. Through May, a mobile locker room is making its way to high schools, showcasing the G Series products. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, Mrs. Robb-OHagan said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity.A Reporter Report is complete with explanations of key numbers. Please note that all the numbers are based on the 2009 Fall MRI study, and that the intercommunicate numbers (000) are expressed in thousands. (Appendix A). Market Trends and Macro Forces According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation, the sports drink industry has actually shrunk in sales by 12. 3% from 2009. Considering that Gatorade holds over a 70% market share of the entire sports drink market, they saw losses in gallons produced by 15. 5% in that same year.In a more local look at the market, from 1986 to 2009, the geometric growth of the industry in America has been 11. 62%. However, considering the great growth for the first 19 years of its existence from 1986 to 2005 of 14. 3%, this number might be misleading. A more accurate picture can be painted by using the last 5 years, letting the state of the economy be fully reflected in growth. In this new scenario, the growth is at -. 27%. Gatorade markets not only to the athlete, but to the casual drinker as well construction workers, restaurants, and families for dinnertime.Sales records for the sports drink brands for the year 2009 and 2010 are available in the Appendix B. Market Trends Changing Needs Gatorade being a sports drink primarily focuses on the ineluctably of the athletes. The researchers believe that the athletes are looking for pre and post workout drinks. The average consumer is already consuming during the before-and-after occasion, said Sarah Robb-OHagan, chief marketing officer at Gatorade. Different consumers have different nutritional needs on game day vs. training days.What weve seen as weve developed these products is different consumers mixing and matching their own regime to meet their needs. In addition, in order to build long term brand loyalty Gatorade is focusing on target high school students between the ages of 13-17 years. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, she said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity.What are also sparking the changing needs in this market trend are consumers progressively focusing on their health. They are conscious about the effects of beverages on their own bodies. According to Mintel, a consumer packaged goods monitoring service, some of the product areas with the highest growth were in the sports and meal replacement cate gories, which place a greater emphasis on nutrition. More beverage companies are focusing their attention on adding new nutritional benefits to their new products, promoting a products ability to enhance sports performance.As the consumers are growing increasingly conscious about the contents of the sports drinks and the needs of the athletes are changing, so is the change in formulations of sports drinks. It is getting even more complicated. Sports nutrition companies are looking at low glycemic sugars as functional sugar systems to enhance endurance in certain products. These include newer functional sweeteners, such as isomaltulose and trehalose. Gatorade has risen to this challenge of balancing innovation with market needs.Beverage manhood selected Gatorade as the Winner for Brand Reinvention when it released the G-Series which includes the three products Prime, Perform and Recover for before, during and after work out respectively. Macro Forces There are many macro forces that alter the sports drink industry. Among the most toxic is the latest state of the economy. As we have discussed earlier, the poor spending power of consumers has shifted demand to less expensive alternatives, such as water or vitamin infused drinks. As the recession begins to lag into the next year, the sports drink industry can expect sales volume to remain at current levels.Given that the U6 rate (the most comprehensive form of unemployment that combines both unemployed and underemployed) is at 17%, discretionary income will continue to be a cheque on this industry. While our competitor analysis is fully developed in the coming sections, it should be pointed out now that competition plays a significant federal agency in this industrys macro forces. Currently, there are devil main competitors, Gatorade and Powerade, or Pepsi and Coke, respectively. Unfortunately there is no room for consolidation in this domestic saturated market, so the competitive battles that spur between t he two eat away at costs and sales.A recent example comes from a pillowcase between these two companies. An article in the Beverage Industry relating to the industry issues reported a clash between Coca-Colas Powerade and Pepsi-Colas Gatorade on a lawsuit over brand advertising. At issue was a Powerade Option ad that featured a drag race between horse-drawn carts, one of which was carrying 10 bales of hay and the other 50. The message was that 10-calorie Option allowed the 10-bale horse to win the race over the 50-calorie competitor.The lawsuit argued the ad sent the message that Powerade was more effective as a sports drink, as well as containing fewer calories. The matter was resolved in a matter of days, with Coca-Cola agreeing to modify the ad. Such trivial pursuits between the two are costly to the industry and companies themselves. In addition to the direct competitors, sports drinks are facing increased competition from bottled water like Vitamin Water and coconut water and nutritional drinks like skimmed milk and chocolate milk for hydration and nutrition.Coconut water, skimmed milk and chocolate milk are easy to produce and provide natural health benefits compared to the artificial electrolytes in popular sports drinks like Gatorade. While health concerns have had positive effects on the industry, there are also some negatives as well. A new study done by researchers at The University of Iowa suggests that the sports drink Gatorade erodes teeth faster than a carbonated soft drink. I dont think everybody realizes how erosive these things are, especially Gatorade and Red Bull, Leslie A.Ehlen, a student at the University of Iowa School of Dentistry tells WebMD. People need to be aware that all sorts of beverages can be causing dental erosion. Of course, this leads right back to another macro force in regulator procedures. Although in know will health issues like this loom over the industrys ability to sell their products, the F. D. A (food and drug ad ministration) can certainly dampen sales volumes if need be. The F. D. A has of late banned production of Four Loko as it the combination of caffeine and alcohol mix is extremely dangerous.

Is Nakumatt Operating As A Monopoly Economics Essay

Is Nakumatt Operating As A Monopoly Economics EssayIntroductionHere in Kenya, all in all big cities and some of the smaller t bears con smashed at least star super food commercialize. The quality (of goods and services) is usually quite high. When we come come in a supermarket, we find Kenyan and other regional brands as easy as m whatever Western and International. Asupermarketis astorethat sells a wide variety of goods includingfoodandalcohol, medicine,clothes, and other ho commithold products that argon consumed regularly1.The stores ar usually part of corporate imagesthat own or control other supermarkets located nearby or even transnationally thus increase opportunities foreconomies of scale2( this is the decrease in cost of production that occur as a firm increases all its push throughput by increasing all its inputs. Economies of scales rationalize the downward sloping porting of the long run average total cost curve as sidetrack increases, and the firm increases its size by all inputs, as the average cost or cost per unit, falls). The supermarket typically comprisesmeat, freshproduce,dairy, and baked goods departments, along with shelf space reserved for stinkernedand packaged goods as well as for various non-food items such as household cleaners,pharmacyproducts andpetsupplies. Most supermarkets also sell a variety of other household products that are consumed regularly, such as alcohol(where permitted),medicine, andclothes, and some stores sell a much wider scope of non-food products3. In Kenya, the supermarket industry has grown from a tiny inch at the start of the 1990s to 20% of the urban food retail sector in 2003. Furthermore, Kenyan supermarket chains are increasingly sourcing from global markets and build started to exaggerate their store ne devilrk in the wider East Africa region (Kigali, Rwanda)4.With 18 big stores, Nakumatt is the biggest supermarket chain in Kenya. Its main competitor Uchumi used to be big too, still it ha d to close due to pecuniary difficulties. Meanwhile it has reopened 14 shops again in major cities. In the Kenyan supermarket industry we also find Chandarana ltd and Tuskys. Nakumatt and Uchumi are cardinal Kenyan supermarkets which non only have branches in Kenya but also in other parts of east Africa. Hence my interest and therefore my seek question is Is Nakumatt Ltd operating as a Monopoly in my residential line of business?I give-up the ghost at 500m from the YAYA common snapping turtle at my location, I am fall in with 6 big branches of the main supermarkets in Kenya. The 6 supermarkets that you give find in this area are on Ngong Road Nakumatt Prestige, Uchumi hyper Ngong road, Tuskys Adams, Uchumi Adams, and Nakumatt Junction, in the YAYA Center Chandarana Ltd. I have always been wondering how these supermarkets do to survive together and especially Nakumatt and Uchumi, why do they have to different branches in the same area. The purpose of this broad essay is to find out by using data collection and after an interview with the branch managers of all these supermarkets answering to the question whether or non Nakumatt is operating as a monopoly in the supermarket industry in my residential area? Researching for this essay will enable me to understand or have an bringing close together of how these supermarkets can cohabit-ate together in the same area.Methodology of data collectionTo answer this essay question, which is to be if Nakumatt ltd is operating as a monopoly on the consumers who live is the same residential area as me. To be able to pursue this survey, I used the most common research method which is to hand out a number of questionnaires to people that I know and others reinforcement in a range of 1km from me. I will use primary sources. First I will be giving out 50 questionnaires to people living in my compound and in the surrounding areas. With all the answers, I will be able to find out which one of the supermarkets locate d near where I stay is more popular, is averagely earning more and their pick hours. It will also help me to know how often people usually frequent these supermarkets, how much do they spend and how long do they stay in there depending on the time. The fact that I am giving out the questionnaires, I not to show that I did some research but to see (hear) what the public(customers) have to say about the supermarkets because their effect counts as equal as or even greater than the one from the owners of these supermarkets because we are all humans and it is expected for the managers to be bias about their supermarkets. The atomic number 16 method I will use is the face to face interview with the branch managers of these supermarkets which is also really important but more significant because it will help me to have real data statistics on the universe of discourse that frequents them daily, weekly monthly and annually. And also it will help me to know their strategy and plans on th e market to be able to understand the structure in which they are operating on whether it is a monopoly or an oligopoly market. This method will be the hardest because having the chance to have a meeting with these managers when you are not a businessman who can contribute in the well-being of the company can be a hustle( very complex task) these people are very busy men and have very many things to do on their agenda.I will also use a secondary source The Internet. With the internet, I will be able to have supplementary instruction and have a greater number of sources. link informationMarket StructuresA market structure describes characteristics of a market organization that determine the behavior of firms within an industry. There are four types of market structures identified by economistsPerfect disceptation ( also known as pure competition)MonopolyMonopolistic competition (also known as im undefiled competition)OligopolyA market structure can be defined on the basis of four m ain characteristicsThe number of firms in the industry.The ability of the firm to control the price at which the good is sold in the market.The types of product, in particular how similar or different are the goods or services produced by firms in the industry.how easy is it for recent firms to enter the industry and begin producing, which depends on the degree to which there are barriers to doorway in the industry barriers to entry include anything that can prevent a firm from entering and beginning production5Perfect competitionThis is a purely theoretical type of market. It has a very high level of competition and has the following characteristics there are an infinite number of buyers and sellers, all the firms produce the same identical product (homogeneous) without any differentiation (branding). There is perfect information and no trade secret which allows the consumers and the other producers to know what is happening in the market at any time, there is no intervention of any political science in the way the market interacts.MonopolyA monopoly is a market structure in which we only have one firm in the industry and the firm is the industry. A monopoly operates with the following characteristics the barriers to preventing new firm form entering the industry are very high the firm is the price maker which means that output will depend on the price set by the firm the monopolist is a short run loot maximizer.In facts, we have two types of monopolies natural monopoly and pure monopoly.A natural monopoly exists when there is great scope for economies of scale to be exploited over a very large range of output. Indeed the scale of production that achieves productive efficiency whitethorn be a high percentage of the total market demand for the product in the industry6.A pure Monopoly exists when a single firm is the sole producer of a product for which there are no close substitutes7.An existent Monopoly is when the firm has more than 25% of the market sha res8.MonopolisticMonopolistic competitionis a form ofimperfect competitionwhere many competing producers sell products that are differentiatefrom one another (that is, the products aresubstitutes, but, with differences such as branding, are not exactly alike). In monopolistic competition firms can behave likemonopolies in theshort-run, including using market power to generate profit. In thelong-run, other firms enter the market and the benefits of differentiation decrease with competition the market becomes more likeperfect competitionwhere firms cannot gain economic profit. Monopolistic competitive markets have the following characteristics We have a large but not infinite number of producers and a greater number of consumers. And due to their relatively small size, there is not a single firm that has total control over the market price. unless the producers have only a degree of control over price. Consumers perceive that there are no differences in price between the competitors branded products. The barriers to entry and exit are very few (not to say that they practically do not exist). The costs for the firm are very low, which makes it easy for new arrivals to enter the industry or others to leave.OligopolyAn Oligopoly is a market structure where we have a few firms who dominate the market, these firms might be producing similar products, but the products can be differentiated (branded). Supply in the industry must be concentrated in the hands of relatively few firms and dominating firms are independent. Barriers to entry are present especially due to collusion and economies of scale and prices are likely to be rigid as firms use non-price competition. Firms can make abnormal profit in the long run though they may not be very high9. When firms decide to collude, they start charging at the same price, and also having a monopoly power and acting as one monopoly. Any monopoly profit made is divided up among the firms taking part of the collusion.Background informationTo carry out this investigation, and base our theory on our findings, we must know about the past of these supermarkets because it is very important to know how their started, who owns them (government, cooperation or family), their real market shares, how many branches have they managed to open so far.NakumattNakumatt was established in 1987 as the brainchild of the late retail guru Mr Maganlal Shah who founded Nakuru Mattresses before passing the mantle to Mr Atul Shah, the current managing Director. The supermarket chain was founded as a ten square foot emporium which has grown to cover a selling space of more than one million square feet, with the head persona and distribution center occupying some 140,000 square feet of storage and office space. The payoff line You need it, weve got it indicates Nakumatts commitment to providing the largest variety and highest quality of local and international brands at apprehensionable and uniform prices. The Nakumatt Smart Card is a loyalty program started in 2003 that enables customers to accumulate talented points with their purchases. On accumulation a certain join of points, clients can claim smart rewards and prizes. Smart Card shoppers also enjoy discounts with service providers, random surprises on birthdays, off-peak time double points and redemption points for purchases.The retail chain has grand plans for the future.These include increase the range of goods available to Kenyan consumers at affordable rates. Improving the local economy by employing more Kenyans. Delivering expected financial results by providing quality, variety, exceptional, service and enhanced lifestyles. Increasing investments in training and development of staff to ensure performance and job satisfaction. Developing an integrated nationwide Network. Increasing turnover to KSh 20 billion (285.7 million US dollars). Expanding to the sub-continent. Listing on the Nairobi Stock Exchange.Source http//www.superbrandseastafrica.c om/assets/Featured-Brands/PDFs/129-nakumatt.pdfTuskysTuskys, is said to be the second largest retailer in the country with more than eighteen stores all over the country, operates supermarkets and has been able to seal any gaps left by Nakumatt. The retailer recently rebranded from Tusker Mattresses to Tuskys, a sign of the companys translation from a family business to a corporate entity. Due to popular demand and the lack of land available in the capital for large sized stores, Tuskys has been forced to relocate some of its stores in Nairobi and the retailer is currently expanding its network into suburban districts such as Thika, Athiriver and Rongai. Tuskys latest store has also opened raise afield in the lakeside city of Kisumu in the west ofKenya, close to the Ugandan border.10Tuskys is the first supermarket in the whole of Kenya to introduce the use of the fidelity smart card. This is a loyalty card which gives a 1Ksh voucher to the card holder for every 100Ksh purchase th is voucher can be used to buy any items at any times just buy presenting your identification.UchumiUchumiis aKenyansupermarket chainwhich was founded in 1975 and which was listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange in 1992.The fleshUchumimeans economy inSwahili, the Kenyan National language. Uchumi operates 4 hyper-stores, 8 supermarkets and 2 convenience stores, and employs more than 1,000 people. Uchumi has stores in the major towns ofNairobi, Karatina,EldoretandMeru11. Whilst Nakumatt and Tuskys are playing a leading role inKenyas burgeoning retail market, Uchumi Supermarkets, currently positioned in fourth place inKenya, has had a history of financial problems. The companys problems have derived from general mismanagement and corruption issues, and Uchumi was expected to either die a natural death or be sold to another retailer when its former managing director, John Smith, denote its closure in June 200612. Uchumi closed down, albeit temporarily, in June 2006 after 30 years of bu siness.At the time, its closure was described as one of the greatest corporate disasters in independent Kenya history13.However, the government is one of the founders of Uchumi Ltd so letting Uchumi close down was not in their interest. So they had to sell 50% of the companys shares to the public in order to rescue the brand. Then Uchumi started reopening all over Nairobi from July 15, 2006. Uchumi receives more than 3000 customers daily. The government controls the quality and the pricing of the goods. All the goods in Uchumi are certified and okay by the Kenya Bureau of Standard (KBS). Uchumi used to have an annual magazine showing all the items they have in stock but this stopped when it closed down. They use multiple ways of advertising like the radio, the television and the newspapers. They also have a smart-card. Only during Christmas, the stores are opened 24/7, this is because, they think that it is not effective in Kenya. They offer a home delivery service orderable from t heir website and the charge depends on the distance of your location. Uchumi believes that what makes them attracts their customers is their customer service and also believe that their competitors havent reached that level. Uchumi own all their buildings. They have the option of paying electricity bills with a Kenya power counter this attracts also the customers to enter the supermarket as they can avoid any over-crowding instead of going to the Kenya Power office.ChandaranaChandarana Supermarket Ltd is a retail chain in Kenya dealing with consumer products. It is currently headquartered at Mobil Plaza, Muthaiga in Nairobi. It has four Branches within Nairobi Yaya center, first rudiment Place, Muthaiga and Highridge. In this research, only the one located in the Yaya Center will be studied. I chose to include Chandarana in my study because when we first came to Kenya (my family and me), we bought from there everything be to the house there and even food supplies.Presentation of data collectedTo carry out the survey I gave out 38 questionnaires to first peoples living in the same compound as me then some people that I know in the surrounding houses and apartments. I know that I didnt meet my objective which was to give out 50 questionnaires as I mentioned in the METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION, but this was due to multiple reasons. I could only do the survey with people who knew me because other maybe didnt trust me (even though I showed them my school identification card and my recommendation letter) or felt like I was asking them questions about them private life. I gave to all of them a period of 3 weeks to review their habits and be able to answer without having to make hard choices. The reason why I gave them 3 weeks is because people tend not to say the truth when they are given 5 minutes to answer. With all this period of time, they can analyze every question and answer it with a calm and clear state of mind. As I said it earlier, I live near the YAYA Center in Kilimani. The YAYA CENTRE is a modern multifunctional shopping mall, it was founded in the late eighties in Nairobi and is today one of the leading shopping malls caparison over 100 shops and offices14.The diagrams below shows the results of my investigation.NakumattUchumiTuskysChandarana2726371%5%16%8%This table shows the repartition in numbers and in percentages of the consumers depending on the supermarkets they frequent the most.This pie chart has the same function as the table above it. This chart is easier to understand and shows the differences between the supermarkets in terms of popularity. But I believe it is a good representation of the whole universe in my residential area.By the end of this research, I found out that 71% of the surveyed population was Nakumatt truthful customers, 5% of them were Uchumi customers, 16% of them were Tuskys customers, and 8% of them were Chandarana customers as shown on the table and the pie chart above.As we all know, in a mono poly market, we only have one firm, and that firm is the industry. If we refer to the pie chart and stick to the traditional definition of a monopoly, we cannot assume at 100% that Nakumatt is operating as a monopoly in my residential area, because we also have other different supermarkets operating in the same area.If we were to base our facts on the data from the investigation, we could say that the representation of the supermarkets in my residential area demonstrates that Nakumatt Ltd is the most dominant supermarket in Kilimani. And view to its relative size and number of customers, we could also say that it does have monopoly power in my residential area because if we may say, it controls 71% of the population.AgeNakumattUchumiTuskysChandaranaTotalunder 1831419-2542626-305531-356111936-4581211over 45112total2726338From this table, we can see that the age differentiation doesnt matter because these supermarkets are stocked in order to satisfy the whole of the population that ca n afford their items. This means that the age of the individuals will not be an obstacle for them meeting their wants as the supermarkets are prepared to satisfy anyone. I do not think that we should place a theory on a supermarket for being destined more for a specific age class.Conclusion slackly supermarkets in Kenya and all over the world belong to the Oligopoly market. This is because the supermarket industry I being run by a little amount of important brands. It might be confusing for saying that Nakumatt is a monopoly and later saying that it is not. This is because by studying how Nakumatt operates in the industry and how they interact with their customers and also their total market shares, we could endure them in a position of a Monopoly. Although, even though they might have the characteristics of a monopoly, the presence of other firms (Uchumi, Tuskys and Chandarana) discredits the possibility of them being one. After doing all the necessary research, I came up with a c onclusion which states that Nakumatt doesnt operate as a monopoly in my residential area, but in that oligopoly market, it has a monopoly power on customers, which makes them practically all choose Nakumatt.

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies EssayModernism was not just a new carriage of thinking it correspond a new manner of thinking, new suppositions and a new ideology which was a bring up from the contemporary ways of invention, literature and computer architecture. Modernism, when defined roughly, refers to the contemporary ideas, notions, spirit and way of life. A more accurate definition would describe it as the turn in the cultural values which originated in the form of cultural reasons, and left their impact on the Western society in the late 19th and early twentieth century. Some believe that modernness was an uprising against realism which was two conventional and conformist in its way of thinking. Some of the major political and societal changes which brought about(predicate) the modernism were the post land wars situation. The huge developments and transformations in industry and technology coupled with the cultural exchanges, transportation and communication developments and influences from the West.The period of modernism in Scandinavia and Italy was both progressive and optimistic. It stems from the renaissance for the historians and was a cultural movement which impacted the Scandinavian and Italian art, architecture, music and literature. The breaking away from the conventional styles to newer representations in the period, where there was a shift from the traditional values. The period also marked growth and innovations in science, ethics, philosophy and psychology besides the previously mentioned art, architecture, music and literature.Different countries have had their percent of influencing modernism. Modernism was reflected in art and styles and the runnel pinpointed more countries, with each nation contri stilling uniquely and overall adding to the progression. This period saw a change in the style and ideology of art during this era. The philosophy of art was transformed during this period in terms of the th emes and subject matter, and also the use of colours, shapes and seams.The intellectual underpinnings of modernism emerge during the Renaissance period when, through the study of the art, poetry, philosophy, and science of ancient Greece and Rome, humanists revived the notion that man, rather than God, is the measure of all things, and promoted through education ideas of citizenship and civic consciousness. The period also gave rise to utopian visions of a more perfect society.1Every nuances of design, architecture or art captures the political and cultural aura of the cartridge clip and place, and the modern art in Scandinavia and Italy reflected their countries situations in the modern art.Below is a modernism timeline which shows the significant events between 1920- 1970.Modernism in ScandinaviaScandinavia had a mixed dynamics of cultures, language and political sympathies. This gave birth to a versatile and multi dimensional philosophy of art and design which became more ass ertive. The movement from Europe enveloped Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland within its fold. The Scandinavian countries had their own unique, nonetheless impactful role in the move towards modernism. The response to the stimuli from the modern world was distinctive. The countries were experiencing the same changes in the modern life- social equality, industrialization and urbanization. Nonetheless, the outcomes and impact showed the unique natures of art and skills that evolved, which gave identity element and characteristic art and design to each of the countries. Yet the distinctiveness was combined with features which were common to all the Scandinavian countries which include a unify touch in terms of humanism, tradition, moderation, handcrafted perfectionism, modesty, quietude and purposefulness2which came to know as the style of the Scandinavian modern art.Among the European countries, the Scandinavian were able to portray the modern artistic touch in their trad itional and conventional craft most expressively. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Finland which had internal dynamics and re obtains which led to an increased inclination towards the craft industries were most evident in communicating the modern aesthetic in their art and craft.With the breakdown of the craft guild system in the mid- nineteenth century, they established a reckon of institutions to protect them from an influx of inferior, foreign mass-produced goods.3The Swedish Society of Craft and Industrial Design was formed to cultivate and maintain high standards in crafts.In the pre-1900 times, the Scandinavian countries derived their inspiration from the national traditions and folklore. The early exploits, which imparted and impacted the most to the modernism, included the Viking-revival imagery of Norway, arts and crafts movement of Nordic and the Swedish porcelain works which envisioned the phytology and fauna to their utmost beauty on vessels.Harmony in visual arts such as architecture, decorative arts, graphics and craft came through the maneuver Nouveau movement which gave a unifying touch to the art. The driving motivation behind the flourishing of modern art during the Art Nouveau was the dissatisfaction with historicism, and the mutual feeling that a newer and unspoiled design should be adopted in the new century.Gregor Paulssons book Vackrare Vardagsvara was the starting point towards the unifying of Swedish design. The Swedish design was directed towards achieving ideals of humanism and democracy, depicted through beauty and simplicity.National romanticism found initial grounds in Sweden and Finland however there was a failure to translate this style into architecture as a unifying feature. Works of architects ilk Gustaf Ferinand is of particular importance. The Scandinavian countries followed a same trajectory, like the Copenhagen town hall in Denmark failed to integrate Richardsons example. romanticism is Finland had become p rominent in the late 1800s. The inspiration behind the Finnish modern art was their folk epic kalevala. Sonck was a prominent figure who make a granite church and used materials such as steel and concrete for Engels university library. Other major buildings include Tampere Cathedral and telephone building with characteristic masonry syntax. Finland had been an purplish colony of Sweden and Russia, and therefore Denmark was where the revival of Romantic Classicism originated. Tinges of classism were seen in Sweden quite some time later in works such as Carl Westmans capital of Sweden Courts. The architecture saw a shift from national romantic and classical to neo classical. In Sweden the Romantic classical revival could not witness its axenic form and was diluted by inflection of plan and iconography.Tampere Landmarks and Monuments Tampere Cathedral (Tampereen Tuomiokirkko)tampere_cathedral_view.jpgAlvar Aaltos had Asplund as the driving force. Both Aaltos and Asplunds work had se veral directions to them, and depict different levels of cultural development. The work saw varying contrasts of classical and vernacular architecture. Major works of Aalto, such as the apartments, clubs, churches and renovations were inspired by Asplund, and had a Doricist touch to them with an amalgamation of vernacular, Hoffmanns austerity of line and Italian. Aaltos Paimio sanatorium instilled the Functional style in the 1927-34 periods. Aaltos later works were inspired by Erik Bryggman, who was a Finnish architect, in which classicism was combined with the Soviet-Agit-Prop lead in architecture expression. The designs of Aalto derived inspirations from both Dutch and Russian Constructivism, and included the use of concrete, geometrical schemes and serial landscapes. Aalto was influenced by different peoples and philosophies in his works. His later career saw a shift from rational and technical ideas to human imagination, and the use of materials shifted from concrete to wood. Th is was the radical begin to style and design. Special consideration was given to the ambiance and environment of the architecture, with filtration of heat, effectual and light. Hence, the designs incorporated the physical and psychological needs of the people. Efforts were made to ensure the control of environment, meet the peoples needs of privacy, suitable exposure to light and heat, design of ceilings and non noisy slipstream basins. The designs and features of the buildings were tailor made for each, so that the varying needs such as those of a library and hospitals could be met effectively. Aalto describes his anti mechanistic and more humanistic approach to architecture in the words, To make architecture more human means better architecture and it means functionalism much larger than the merely technical ones. This finis can be accomplished only by architectural methods- by the creation and combination of different technical things in such a way that they will provide fo r the human being the most harmonious life4. Neo empirical times in Scandinavia(1930s) saw the anti urban streak in them with an inclination towards the humanistic and traditional inspired styles. Some remarkable architectures in this period include the power family unit designed by Osvald Almqvist, Sven Markeliuss Swedish pavilion, the house of Gunnar Asplund and other similar styles of buildings. The basic features of architecture in both Scandinavia and Italy can be described in the words, the entire inventive effort of these architects consist fundamentally of devising flexible urban modules whose geometrical character permits articulations that fit well into natural site, leaving the color, simplicity, and traditionalism of the details to provide the more immediate directions5.The Scandinavian styles, which emerged after the post world war period, were the works of many talented Scandinavian architects and designers. The works of the architects was highly successful and impact ed o only the Scandinavian countries but also the rest of the world as described in the following words, Self-confidence grew with the successes. The American Lunning Award, reserved for Scandinavian designers, provided a number of newborn talents with their American breakthrough. In 1954 Design in Scandinavia embarked on a three-and-a half year long tour of the US and Canada. It was not just beautifully crafted objects, but A Scandinavian Way of Living that was promoted. Danish teak furniture, Swedish crystal and textiles, Norwegian enamel, Finnish furniture and glass merged into a imagination generally perceived as Scandinavian blond, cool, distinct and refined. Its careful craftsmanship, perfection, harmony and natural feeling were seen as the dream of a better world in a Europe which had risen from the inferno of World War II.Remarkably, there are few countries today if any which continue to produce as many vintage designs as the Scandinavian countries, testimony to their t imelessness, practicality and to the well-deserved argument they transcend the vagaries of fashion6.Modernism in ItalyModernism in Italy is closely linked to the social forces and is portrayed through the artistic strategies. Artists as individuals, or in groups, sought to demonstrate the change of the century and the change in the social environment (with culture and politics being the main drivers) through painting, design, music, literature and architecture.Two architects, Giuseppe SommarugaandErnesto Basile, were the major contributors to the Art Nouveau in Italy. Art Noveau also known as the new art was a movement of changing styles of art, applied art and architecture in terms of style.Italy was affected, better, influenced by Modernism such that the era brought forward architectural masterpieces that were at times both influenced by the works of foreign modernist architects or by older architectural designs.The 1925 renovation of Rome brought about changes in the Roman map a s streets were re-built to relate ancient monuments with the monuments that were to be built by the Mussolini with the inspection and repair of Marcello Piacentini. While declaring the plan for the re conception of Rome, Mussolini declared In five years time, Rome must beat the peoples of the world. It must appear vast, orderly and powerful as it was in the days of Augustus.Affinity of tradition was so strong during the modernist era that it was almost impossible to construct and design buildings that did not draw influence from ancient Roman architecture. They were, therefore, bound to retain a typical national character. The act of taking inspiration from the past tense was best settled by the argument that the traditions are not erased from the memories of citizens but only evolve into variations of themselves.However, the avant-garde architecture and modernism was viewed fearfully by those who had witnessed the devastations of the world war and regarded modernism in the tech nological spheres and other advances as the root cause of the war. The new slogan raised was therefore that of humanism, which incorporated that which was left in the pre war period. Special emphasis was laid on the psychological and physical typefaces of the architecture of the people, the expressive use of materials, integration with the environment and incorporation of the traditions and societal factors. The art and architecture sought to remove the anti-technology and neo-humanistic approach and produce work which the people could identify with by having a relationship with them and incorporating traditions. This is referred to as the neo-empirical movement in Scandinavia and the organic movement in Italy. The urban areas began to have a domestic tinge to them, with an anti urban attitude emerging in both Scandinavia and Italy. The themes of nature and pseudo-psychologism flourished in the Scandinavian architecture in the 1930s.The Italian architects drew their inspiration fro m the Scandinavian architecture and therefore the architecture in Italy showed the visible signs of being inspired from the Scandinavians. The social-democratic styles were especially attractive for the Italian architects. However, Italian modernism was more richer than the following of Scandinavian styles only.The flair of Italian furniture design for expressing exclusivity and esprit was much better suited to the golden economy than the sparse aesthetics and good-natured folksiness of Scandinavian design, which was beginning to feel tame and stagnant. A decade earlier, Nordic coolness and order had been needed to help heal the spiritual wounds in a Europe that was still in ruins and chaos. But now young Nordic designers could no longer walk in the old footsteps. Scandinavian design became unfashionable, also in Scandinavia itself7.However, the Italian architecture had more depth to it in the Neo-Realism, rather than just being inspired by Scandinavian styles. The central concern was on the insistence on defining a common language that would be directly communicative for the poorer classes who were viewed as the protagonists of the postwar reconstruction8. Informal ground plans were laid out to pay reverence to impulsive forms of architecture and materials such as wrought iron and Roman style bricks were used with an emphasis on local dialect. This combination clearly referred to the peasant world adorned for its naturalism. Certainly the rediscovery of rural purity was simply one aspect of the cultural populism that was so in vogue in the post war Italian culture. It was a regressive utopia with nostalgic accents. But, as far as the architecture was concerned, it created a true proper ideology that was adequate to the particular role that the building industry was called to fulfill in the period of reconstruction9. The architects gave monumental forms to their creations, with features of structural expressionism to build an emotive contact with the masses. The Italian architecture should also be viewed from the perspective of the polemics for and against the Organic architecture.In the Renaissance, architecture was seen as the supreme artit also represented the highest artistic achievement a human being could attain. The Italian renaissance architecture had significant impact on the world at that time, displaced only by the advent of modernist architecture in the twentieth century.10 But even the modern architect Richard Meier notes that the quality of light, expression of structure, as expressed in an interior like Sant Ivo Sapienza, remains influential in the way buildings are designed today. Therefore, the ideas and philosophies that emerged with regard to the architectural design still find a place I todays world. The idea of buildings that reach into the heavens or the principle that an interior should welcome the light into the interior rooms can be traced to this period.11Much of domestic architecture end-to-end Europe and Am erica still resists modernism, and you can still drive down the street in Palo Alto and see columned exteriors on the houses of the wealthy mimicking humankind buildings and communicating civic power. The focus of Italian architecture was on the creation of open, well-lit, and above all public spaces that welcomed both light and was a reflection of humanistic ideas with special emphasis on the physical and psychological comforts for the people. The developments in Roman architecture with their innovative designs and use of styles such as arches and vaults are the source of inspiration for many architectural masterpieces even today. The modernism period brought changes that have changed the world of architecture forever. These impacts of modernism can be seen not only in the Roman empire but have also spread far and wide during the travels and conquests of the Romans.ConclusionThe Scandinavian and Italian art and architecture, and the economic, technological, demographic and cultura l changes evolved in tandem. The architectural designs depict the periods and their relative influence with different architects and artists gaining influence in different periods, and their works marked by their characteristic styles, yet having a unifying national touch to them. The styles which were adopted were the neo classism, Romanticism, historicism and vernacular architecture. These trends in architecture coincide with the societal and political changes in these countries during 1920-1970s. The use of wood and concrete and architectural styles like the arches, piers and others are the characteristic features of the times, and a reflection of political and societal evolution. The architecture in Scandinavia and Italy is intermittent with a variety of prevailing conditions, such as those of the society, but also reflect the architects innovation and style. The Scandinavian and Italian architecture hold onto their uniqueness even today. A visit to these countries show how the architecture has a touch of individuality to it ranging from the buildings, shops, hotels, restaurants and other architectural creations. The modern and contemporary styles have left their mark so prominent, that it can be seen even today. To conclude, it may be said that identity is very important. During the modernism, people found validation and expression in the objects with which they surrounded themselves and therefore their ideologies were reflected in their art and architecture.

Optically Active Polymers

Optically combat-ready PolymersOptically supple polymers play very eventful role in our modern society. The speciality of optically active polymers atomic number 18 known with its diverse characteristics as occurred earthyly in mimicry. The present review describes the monomers and synthesis of optically active polymers from its helicity, internal compounds disposition, dendronization, co polymerisation, side chromophoric groups, chiral, metal convoluted and stereo- particular(prenominal) behaviour. The various properties compar competent nonlinear optical properties of azo-polymers, thermal analysis, chiroptical properties, vapochromic behaviour, assiduousness and emission properties, thermosensitivity, chiral separation, fabrication and photochromic property argon explained with details. This review is expected to be of interesting and useful to the researchers and pains personnel who be actively engaged in research on optically active polymers for versatile covering s.Optically active materials are those which give the axe able-bodied to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of transmitted plane-polarized light containing unequal amounts of corresponding enantiomers. The optical natural process originates from the presence of chiral elements in a polymer such as chiral centres or chiral axes due to long-range conformational order in a macromolecule. In fact, most naturally occurring macromolecules take in the ability to organize to more than complex high structure rather than single one and manifest their functions.Optically active polymers are related to problems of the charged and reactive polymers, since optical exertion is an inherent property of two natural macromolecules as tumefy as a heavy(p) variety of polymers synthesized. Chiral compounds are optically active and essential for flavor such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc. and chirality is most important for existence. About 97% drugs are formed from na tural sources, 2% are recemates and only 1% is achiral, in looking of chirality of nearly 800 drugs. Optically active polymers today stand also become of great interest and thus play an important role in molecular arrangement and assembly, which is critical for optoelectronics super molecular structure 1-4. The synthetic optically active polymers may also play important role like mimicry of naturally occurring polymers and thats why the extensive studies are required on their synthesis, conformations and properties. Various kinds of optically active polymers e.g., from its helicity, internal compounds nature, dendronization, copolymerization, side chromophoric groups, chiral, metal complex and stereo-specific behaviour are reported, however, those are not placed in a systematic manner. In the present review an effort has been made to collect most of those works in one place for better understanding in the subject with detailed explanation of properties like nonlinear optical proper ties of azo-polymers, thermal analysis, chiroptical properties, vapochromic behaviour, absorption and emission properties, thermosensitivity, chiral separation, fabrication and photochromism.-Classification of optically active polymersOptically active polymers are divided into three typesBiopolymers as obtained from nature.Polymers nimble by almost completely isotactic polymerization by qualifying of naturally occurring polymer moxies such as polysaccharides.Synthetic polymers as per the requirement with proper tailoring of functional groups.-Speciality of optically active polymerOptical properties of polymers are not so different of opposite substances, excepting those characteristics related to the chain dimension and structure or conformational changes. Optically active polymers shoot found interesting applications because of their specific properties. The optical properties of these materials lie at the basis of many applications, for example in chromatographic methods for enantiomeric separations or creating complex optical devices. The dispersion of the specific rotation offers instruction regarding the conformational changes or Cotton effect. Optically active polymers characteristics as followsOptically active polymers with configurational chirality the optical activity is given by the presence of an asymmetric snow atom in the backbone or in the side chain of the monomerOptically active polymers with conformational chirality the optical activity is related to the conformational changesOptically active polymers with both configurational and conformational chirality the optical activity is given by macromolecular asymmetry and by the presence of the unsymmetric centers.-Monomers of optically active polymersSome biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomer residues for example, poly substructures such as DNA are composed of a variety of nucleotide subwholes. The solid-state structures of polystyrene poly(Z-L-lysine) stymy copolymers were examined with respect to the polymer architecture and the secondary structure of the polypeptide using circular dichroism, quantitative subatomic and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy 5.Synthesis of optically active polymersThe optically active compounds are synthesized by highly efficient methodologies and catalysts. The various synthetic approaches for optically active polymers are described below verticillated polymer Helicity is one of the subtlest aspects of polymer chain where the polymer chain spiral structure along the chain axis acts like a spring. Helical polymers are frequently occurring in nature in single, double or triple helices form in genes, proteins, DNA, collagen, enzymes, and polypeptides. The spiraling conformations increase the stability of the natural polypeptides.Preparation of artificial turbinate polymers is a great challenge to the researchers. So far, only limited success has been achieved in c onstructing microscale particles using helical polymers, despite the great number of analogous microparticles created from vinyl polymers and even from other conjugated polymers like poly(thiophene), poly(phenylene ethynylene), and poly(fluorene) and polyacetylenes. Meckings et al has performed extensive investigations on preparing nanoparticles from polyacetylenes, which have shown interesting potential in inkjet printing. Later on, various group of researchers have successfully prepared both nano and microparticles consisting of optically active helical substituted polyacetylenes 6. Such nano- and microarchitectures demonstrated remarkable optical activity and signifi chamberpott potential applications ranging from asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition/resolution, and enantiomer-selective crystallization to enantio-selective red ink 7-9.Synthetic helical polymers may be categorize as either static or dynamic helical polymers, depending on the inversion barrier of the helical conformation 10-11. Static helical polymers have a relatively high energy barrier for helix inversion and are stable in solution, plot dynamic helical polymers have a relatively low energy barrier for helix inversion and exist as a mixture of right- and remaining handed helical domains that are separated by rarely occurring helix reversals. Even a slight incorporation of optically active repeat units can shift the equilibrium to excess one-handed helicity.The chiral recognition properties of biopolymers with skilled emulating of synthetic helical polymers are currently a focus of much interest. Enantioseparation, catalysis, and sensing are among the more promising applications of molecular recognition based on responsive three-dimensional intramolecular or intermolecular superchiral structures. Optically active conjugated polymers represent an kind class of chiral macromolecules adaptable to this purpose because their chiral behaviour can be augmented by nonlinear electrically co nductive or optical properties arising from conjugation along the backbone. The first example of optically active polycarbazoles, polyN-(R)- or (S)-3,7-dimethyloctyl-3,6-carbazoles (R- or S-PDOC) were synthesized in 60-70% yield using modified nickel coupling method 12.Helical polymers are easily denaturalized by certain physical factors e.g. heat, ultraviolet irradiation, and high pressure and by other chemic factors such as organic solvents. Various helical polymers have been synthesized, which include polyisocyanates, polyisocyanides, polychloral, polymethacrylates, polysilanes, polythiophenes, poly(p-phenylene)s, poly(1-methylpropargyl-ester)s, poly(phenylacetylene)s and poly(-unsaturated ketone) 13-19 (Fig. 1). Other polymers are whose optical activity is main chain or side chain chirality dependent e.g. amino-acid-based polymers are nontoxic, biocompatible and perishable.Optically Active PolymersOptically Active PolymersIntroductionOptically active polymers are related to pr oblems of the charged and reactive polymers, since optical activity is an inherent property of both natural macromolecules as well as a great variety of polymers synthesized. Most of the naturally occurring molecules/macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides are chiral and optically active. Chirality is essential for life. This situation can be very obviously seen ifwe look at the chirality of nearly 800 drugs (about 97%) derived from natural sources. Only 2% are racemates and only 1% is achiral. Synthetic optically active polymers are of great interests, since they might mimic the fascinating functions of naturally occurring polymers, leading extensive studies being conducted on their synthesis, conformations and functions. In fact, most naturally occurring macromolecules possess the ability to organize to more complex high structure rather than single one and manifest their functions. Optical activity is a physical phantasmal property of chiral matter c aused by asymmetric configuration, confirmations and structures which have no plane and no centre of symmetry and consequently have two mirror mountain range enantiomeric forms of inverse optical rotation. The recemic mixture of chiral enantiomers is optically inactive.The great majority of natural molecules contain chiral centres and are optically active. This is the case because living systems and their extracts as enzymes are able to produce completely stereoselective asymmetrical synthesis or transformations. This led Pasteur to say that life is asymmetrical at the molecular level. The majority of food and drug molecules of physiologic activity are chiral 1. Xi et al. 2-8 investigated about chirality of optically active compounds. Optically active polymers today have also become of great interest owe to their chiral structure which may play an important role in molecular arrangement and assembly, which is critical for optoelectronics super molecular structure 9-12. Chiral polym ers with helical chain backbone have received increasing heed due to their helicity generating from secondary interactions such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. These chiral helical polymers undergo conformational change as well as helical reversal easily. The concept of the optically active aromatic chromophore as conformational probe in isotactic polymers can be further extended by the use of optically active monomers 13. Optically active polymers have exhibited a number of interesting properties in several highly specialized areas such as chromatographic resolution of steroregular 14, chiral 15-16, asymmetric catalysis and phase of the separation of racemic mixtures 17, thermosensitivity 18, synthesis molecular receptors and chiral liquid crystals for ferroelectric and nonlinear optical applications 20.In the last year 52, Angiolini and co-workers have synthesized and investigated methacrylic polymers bearing in the side chain the chiral cyclic (S)-3- hydroxypyrrolidi ne moiety interposed between the main chain and the trans azoaromatic chromophore, substituted or not in the 4 position by an electron withdrawing group. In these materials, the presence of a rigid chiral moiety of oneprevailing absolute configuration favours the establishment of a chiral conformation of one prevailing helical handedness, at least within chain segments of the macromolecules, which can be observed by circular dichroism (CD). The simultaneous presence of the azoaromatic and chiral functionalities allows the polymers to display both the properties typical of dissymmetric systems (optical activity, exciton splitting of dichroic absorptions), as well as the features typical of photochromic materials (photorefractivity, photoresponsiveness, NLO properties).Recently, highly efficient methodologies and catalysts have been developed to synthesize various kinds of optically active compounds. Some of them can be use to chiral polymer synthesis and in a few syntheses for optica lly active polymers chiral monomer polymerization has essential advantages in pertinency of monomer, apart from both asymmetric polymerization of achiral or prochiral monomers and enantioselective polymerization of a recemic monomer mixture. Optically active chiral polymers are not only fundamentally interesting, due to the rich and complex architecture of macromolecular chirality as compared to that of small molecules, but also technologically important because their unique chiral arrays give rise to a number of potential, and in some cases commercially implemented.Classification of Optically active polymersOptically active polymers are divided into three typesBiopolymers Biopolymers are the main type of biomaterials. According to their degradation properties, biopolymers can be further classified into biodegradable and non-biodegradable biopolymers. Many implants, such as bone substitution materials, some bone fixing materials, and dental materials, should possess long term stabl e performance in the body. Recently biopolymers acts as developments in bone tissue engineering, vascular tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, genitourinary tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, gene therapy, and controlled drug delivery have promoted the need of new properties of biomaterials with biodegradability. Biologically derived and synthetic biodegradable biopolymers have attracted considerable aid 21.Polymers prepared by almost completely isotactic polymerization by modification of naturally occurring polymer backbones such as polysaccharides.Synthetic polymers Polymers synthesized from low molecular weight compounds are called synthetic polymers, e.g., polyethylene, PVC, nylon and terylene 7. This polymer is also divided into three types(a) Addition polymers Addition polymers are including vinyl, aldehyde, isocyanide and acetylene polymers that were prepared via addition polymerization reaction such as poly(acryl amide)s, polyolephynes, polystyrene derivati ves, polyazulenes, poly(vinyl ether)s, polymethacrylate, polymethacryloylamine, polychloral, polyisocyanides, polyisocyanates, polyacethylene and polyethers 2232.(b) Condensation polymers Condensation polymerization continues to receive intense academic and industrial attention for the preparation of polymeric materials used in a vast array of applications 28. One of application is synthesis of chiral polymers. For this purpose, monomer must be optically active.(c) Cross-linked gels One of application is synthesis of chiral polymers. For this purpose, monomer must be optically active. One of application is synthesis of chiral polymers. For this purpose, monomer must be optically active.Why optically active polymers are important?orSpeciality of optically active polymerOptical properties of polymers are not so different of other substances, excepting those characteristics related to the chain dimension and structure or conformational changes. Optically active polymers have found inte resting applications because of their specific properties. The optical properties of these materials lie at the basis of many applications, forexample in chromatographic methods for enantiomeric separations or creating complex optical devices. The dispersion of the specific rotation offers information regarding the conformational changes or Cotton effect. Optically active polymers characteristics as follows-Optically active polymers with configurational chirality the optical activity is given by the presence of an asymmetric carbon atom in the backbone or in the side chain of the monomer Optically active polymers with conformational chirality the optical activity is related to the conformational changes Optically active polymers with both configurational and conformational chirality the optical activity is given by macromolecular asymmetry and by the presence of the asymmetrical centers.Monomers of Optically active polymersPolymerization is the process of combining many small molecu les known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. This is the case, for example, in the polymerization of PET polyester. The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOC-C6H4-COOH) and ethylene glycol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH) but the repeating unit is -OC-C6H4-COO-CH2-CH2-O-, which corresponds to the combination of the two monomers with the loss of two water molecules. The distinct piece of each monomer that is incorporated into the polymer is known as a repeat unit or monomer residue.The identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is its first and most important attribute. Polymer nomenclature is generally based upon the type of monomer residues comprising the polymer. Polymers that contain only a single type of repeat unit are known as homopolymers, while polymers containing a mixture of repeat units are known as copolymers. Poly(styrene) is composed only of styrene mono mer residues, and is therefore classified as a homopolymer. Ethylene-vinyl acetate, on the other hand, contains more than one variety of repeat units and is thus a copolymer. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomer residues for example, polynucleotides such as DNA are composed of a variety of nucleotide subunits. The solid-state structures of polystyrene poly(Z-L-lysine) block copolymers were examined with respect to the polymer architecture and the secondary structure of the polypeptide using circular dichroism, quantitative small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy 33.Synthesis of optically active polymersMuch of the attention in chiral polymers results from the potential of these materials for several specialized utilizations that are chiral matrices for asymmetric synthesis, chiral stationary phases for the separation of racemic mixtures, synthetic molecular receptors and chiral liquid crystals for f erroelectric and nonlinear optical applications. Presently optically active compounds are synthesized by highly efficient methodologies and catalysts. In a few synthetic approaches for optically active polymers, chiral monomer polymerization has essential advantages in applicability of monomer, apart from both asymmetric polymerization of achiral or prochiral monomers and enantioselective polymerization of a racemic monomer mixture 17.

Assisted Suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide Jill Allene, RN, visited Gus, an elderly patient at a hospice clinic. The next day Gus swallowed a lethal mixture of medications that had been prescribed by his physician, and fell into a deep sleep. He died soon after. Because it was his decision to take his own life, doesnt mean that he wins the battle with his disease, notwithstanding he did win the war - a war of control. He wished simply to die on his own terms, under circumstances he chose. Like others in Oregon who have opted to use that states legalized physician- aid suicide (PAS). It wasnt the unrelenting surges of pain or incapacitating waves of nausea that encouraged Gus to call it lay off it was an unquenchable thirst for autonomy. Pulmonary disease didnt kill Gus Gus killed himself. (Nursing Spectrum 6)Assisted suicide is a very controversial issue, which always seems to be a point at hand. Because this topic causes quite the up-roar, at that place have been very strong opinions form both for and against assisted suicide. Each side having justified reasons of why they trust that it should or should not be allowed. But the fact is, that some patients have respectable reasons for their request in their passing. There are people out there have very little of their life left to live, and like Gus would like to move along based on their own terms. Like Gus, a terminally ill person with a sickness, leaves them with no choice but death. On the other hand, why not give these innocent people the right to answer the decision themselves. These terminally ill people should be able to keep their dignity of life, and choose terms of their own and not have to live with the ones attached to them unwillingly. On the other hand the action of assisted suicide is already occurring especially in the United States today. It deals with basically the same thing as assisted suicide, when a doctor consoles the patients family, and come to a decision of pulling the plug. The patient cannot help b ut lay there, helplessly, until total body failure. In this situation here the life of a person is placed in the hands of the family and doctor. In both situations here a life of a person is being place on the line. Which option sounds more just, the option of a persons life being taken form them based on the decision of someone else, or the option of a terminally ill person choosing to die based on ones own decision.

Birth Control: Past and Present :: Contraceptives, Birth Control Essays

Contraceptive techniques have been traced back to Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. The modern movement of birth simplicity began in Great Britain where the writings of Thomas Robert Malthus stirred interest in the problem of overpopulation. The first birth crack was founded in 1878 in Amsterdam by a woman called Aletta Jacobs. Aletta and Margaret Sanger were assists of birth control so they were trying to develop clinics and promote birth control. In 1914, Margaret Sanger was arrested for publishing information about birth control in her magazine Women Rebel. She became Americas most influential advocate of birth control in the 1910s. In 1921, another birth control advocate named Marie Stopes, along with the Malthusian League, established a birth control in London. In the United States, the first birth control clinic was opened in 1916 by Margaret Sanger in New York. The clinic was soon closed, scarce the police and Margaret received a thirty-day jail sentence. Soon af ter, in 1917 she helped organize the National Birth Control League, but in 1921 it became known as the American Birth Control League. Later, in 1942 it became the notorious Planned origin Federation of America and in 1961 the Planned Parenthood World Population. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s birth control advocates were engaged in numerous legal suits. In 1965, Connecticut was one of the only states that interdict the use of contraceptives. It wasnt until 1967, when the federal government became being more active in the birth control movement. Six percent of the funds of the Child wellness Act were set aside for family planning. In 1970, the family planning services and Population Act tolerated separate funds to support birth control. The first country to provide government assistance for birth control was Sweden. In Japan, the birth control programs helped reduce dramatically the birthrates. Birth control and sex education in schools carry on to be emotional issues in the United States, where teen pregnancy and sexual activity rates are high. The Roman Catholic Church has provided the main electric resistance to the birth control movement. The practice of contraception is to limit reproduction.